Priest Chogen

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Priest Chogen 重源 Choogen

Choogen 重源（ちょうげん)
1121年（保安2年） - 1206年7月12日（建永元年6月5日


©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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Portraits of Chōgen
The Transformation of Buddhist Art in Early Medieval Japan
John M. Rosenfield

This volume, the first in Brill’s Japanese Visual Culture series, vividly describes the efforts of the Japanese monk Shunjōbō Chōgen (1121–1206) to restore major buildings and works of art lost in a brutal civil conflict in 1180.

Chōgen is best known for his role in the recasting of the Great Buddha (Daibutsu) and the reconstructing of the South Great Gate (Nandaimon) of Tōdaiji in Nara and its huge, dramatic wooden guardian figures. This study concentrates on these and other replacement statues and buildings associated with Chōgen and situates the visual arts of Japan into the spiritual … read moreand socio-political context of their times.

Through meticulous study of dedicatory material, Rosenfield is able to place the splendid Buddhist statues made for Chōgen in vivid new light. The volume also explores how Japan’s rulers employed the visual arts as instruments of government policy – a tactic that recurs throughout the nation’s history. This publication includes an annotated translation of Chōgen’s memoir, completed near the end of his life, in which he recounts his many achievements.

In chapters on East Asian portraiture, Rosenfield claims that surviving statues of Chōgen, carved with mordant realism, rank among the world’s most eloquent portraits, and herald the great changes that were to permeate Japanese religious and secular arts in the centuries to come. While Chōgen has been the subject of major art exhibitions and extensive research in Japan; this is the first book-length study to appear in the West.

source :www.brill.nl





Full reprint of the book review:
source : Mark Schumacher

Monk Chōgen Shunjōbō 重源俊乗坊,


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quote
Chōgen was a luminary of the period who raised funds for the rebuilding of the Daibutsuden 大仏殿, the giagantic "Buddha Hall" at Tōdaiji Temple 東大寺 in Nara, which had been burnt to the ground in +1180 during the Genpei War 源平合戦 (Genpei Kassen, + 1180 to 1185).
Chōgen was also a fervent believer in Amida Buddha 阿弥陀如来 and Pure Land faith (Jōdokyō 浄土教), and from +1183 he started giving his friends Buddhist names that contained the name Amida.

ANNAMI 安阿弥
Kaikei is credited with creating an independent sculptural style known as Annami 安阿弥, also called Annamiyō (Annamiyo) 安阿弥様, which literally means “Annami Style.” The name of this style stems from Kaikei’s own unique inscription, for he signed many of his works “Kaikei of the Buddhist name AN AMIDA BUTSU,” writing AN in Sanskrit.

He received this special Buddhist name from his friend, the Buddhist priest Chōgen (Chogen) 重源, the latter a famous monk (+1121-1206) who introduced the so-called Daibutsu Style (Daibutsuyō) 大仏様 of architecture to Japan, which he had learned while visiting China.
source : - Mark Schumacher -


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. Gyoki Bosatsu 行基菩薩 and Temple Todai-Ji.

. Temple Todai-Ji 東大寺 - Nara .


. Festivals, Ceremonies, Rituals - SAIJIKI .


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Shishinden Kyoto

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Shishinden 紫宸殿 Hall for State Ceremonies



. Gosho Imperial Palace in Kyoto 京都御所.　


The main building on the Palace Grounds includes, among other halls, the
Shishinden (紫宸殿, Hall for State Ceremonies),
Seiryōden (清涼殿, lit. 'cool, refreshing hall'),
Kogosho (小御所, Court Room),
Ogakumonsho (御学問所, Imperial Study or Library), and
a number of residences for the Empress, high-ranking aristocrats and government officials.

The main gate on the front, south, side of the Palace has a cypress-wood roof, and is supported by four pillars. This gate would have been used on the rare occasions of the Emperor welcoming a foreign diplomat or dignitary, as well as for many other important ceremonies of the State. To the sides lies a fence separating the inner areas from the general Palace Grounds, and just past this main gate is a second gate, painted in vermillion and roofed in tile, which leads to the Shishinden, the Hall for State Ceremonies.

The Shishinden was used for such important ceremonies as the coronation of an Emperor and installation of a Crown Prince. It is 33 by 23 metres in size, and features a traditional architectural style, with a gabled and hipped roof. On either side of its main stairway were planted trees which would become very famous and sacred, a cherry (sakura) on the eastern, left side, and a tachibana citrus tree on the right to the west.

The center of the Shishinden is surrounded by a hisashi (庇), a long, thin hallway which surrounded the main wing of an aristocrat's home, in traditional Heian architecture. Within this is a wide open space, crossed by boarded-over sections, leading to the central throne room. The Throne itself, called takamikura (高御座), sits on an octagonal dais, five metres above the floor, and could be separated from the rest of the room by a curtain.


The sliding door that hid the Emperor from view is called
kenjō no shōji (賢聖障子), and had an image of 32 Chinese saints painted upon it, which became one of the primary models for all of Heian period painting.

The Seiryōden sits to the west of the Shishinden, facing east. It, too, has a hipped and gabled roof, and is primarily cypress wood. Originally a place where the Emperor would conduct his own personal affairs, the Seiryouden was later used for various gatherings and meetings as well. In the centre is an area where the Emperor would rest, and on the east side of the hall, an area of two tatami was set aside for dignitaries and aristocrats to sit. Here was where the Emperor could conduct formal affairs.

On the north side of the hall was an enclosed area where the Emperor would sleep at night; later, Emperors began to use the official residence. The west side was set aside for the Emperor's breakfasts, and also contained the lavatories, while the south side was used by the keeper of the Imperial Archives. This area contained paintings by the masters of the Tosa school, and just outside, various rare bamboos were planted.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !




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The Tachibana, Fujiwara, Genji and Heike
are the four great clans of Old Japan.

. tachibana 橘 Tachibana citrus fruit .


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H A I K U - S E N R Y U

紫宸殿よく化物の出るところ
Shishin-den yoku bakemono no deru tokoro

Shishiden Hall -
a place often haunted
by monsters

Haifu Yanagidaru Senryu Collection 誹風柳多留




source :　fukude

from a carving of a festival float

源三位頼政の鵺退治～京都・紫宸殿
Genzanmi Minamoto Yorimasa fights with a nue monster

. Nue (鵺) a legendary creature .


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. Gosho Imperial Palace in Kyoto 京都御所.　


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Daishoin Miyajima

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Daishoo-In 大聖院 Daisho-In
Daishooin
大聖院は広島県廿日市市宮島町 Hiroshima, Hatsukaichi town

Chokugan Doo Hall 勅願堂（ちょくがんどう）


with Namikiri Fudo 波切不動明王
wave-cutting Fudo
Hideyoshi had taken this statue on board of his ship and he offered prayers for safety and success in war when he dispatched troops to invade Korea.




Gosanze Myo-O

Kannon Do Hall 観音堂（かんのんどう）　
Henrjoo kutsu 遍照窟 Kobo Daishi Cave
Daishi Do 大師堂 Kobo Daishi Hall
Reihokan 霊宝館 Museum
source : www.miyajima-wch.jp


Yearly Festivals
Setsubun 節分厄除開運星祭
Hocho Kuyo 庖丁供養　for knives
hiwatari shinji 火渡り神事 walking through fire
and many more

source : www.galilei.ne.jp/daisyoin



CLICK for more photos !

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Daishi Darani joo　大師陀羅尼錠　Daishi Darani Medicine
for stomach ailments
originate from Miyajima


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Fudo, the Protector of Miyajima

. Fudō Myō-ō, Fudoo Myoo-Oo 不動明王 Fudo Myo-O
Acala Vidyârâja – Vidyaraja – Fudo Myoo .


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Daishō-in or Daisyō-in (大聖院)
is a historic Japanese temple on Mt.Misen, the holy mountain in the island of Itsukushima in Miyajima-chō in the city of Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan. It is the 14th of Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage and famous for autumn leaves and maples. It has another temple name called "Suishō-ji" (水精寺). Including Mt.Misen, Daishō-in is within the World Heritage Area of Itsukushima Shrine.

In this temple there is a flame is which is said to have been burning since its foundation, for more than 1200 years.

Daishō-in was founded by the monk Kūkai, also known posthumously as Kōbō-Daishi (弘法大師), in the year 806, the 1st year of the Daidō era.
Kūkai was one of the most famous monks in Japan and the founder of Shingon Buddhism.
So, it's the head temple of one of the denominations of Shingon Buddhism and the oldest temple in Itsukushima.
An Imperial order by Emperor Toba, it was the place to pray for the peace and security of the nation.
Emperor Meiji was staied on July 31, 1885 for his visit to Itsukushima Shrine.
Repair work for the trail to Mt.Misen was finished in 1905.
It was done by the donation of Itō Hirobumi.
Heavy damage by 19th typhoon on September 27, 1991.
Held a memorial service to congratulate the restoration of the damage on October 10, 1998.
The 14th Dalai Lama visited Itsukushima to celebrate the 1200th-year of Daishō-in from the 3rd to 8th of November in 2006.


魔尼殿　Maniden hall

There are also many buildings, gates of the temple and many statues of Kannon, Jūichimen Kannon, Acala and Seven Lucky Gods on and around Mt.Misen.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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Doll Exhibition of Tsujimura Shusaburo
辻村寿三郎人形展, 2008
宮島・大聖院


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Goosanze (Gosanze, Goozanze; Trailokyavijaya)


Temple Daigo-Ji 醍醐寺 Kyoto


"Der Besieger der drei Welten".
Im Sutra Dainichikyoo auch als "Shoosanze" bezeichnet.
Besiegt die drei Grundübel des fleischlichen Leibes: Gier, Haß und Unwissenheit.
Inkarnation des Dainichi Nyorai in der Diamantwelt, zusammen mit Fudoo Myo-O in der Mutterschoßwelt. Auch Inkarnation des Ashuku Nyorai, des Fugen Bosatsu und des Kongoo Satta. Gefolgsmann bzw. Inkarnation des Monju Bosatsu.
Im Volk verehrt als Gottheit der Wasserbüffel und Rinder.
Im Osten bei fünf Statuen.

Ikonografie:
Grünblaue Körperfarbe. Drei Köpfe, acht Arme; die Kleinfinger der mittleren Hände in spezifischer Geste verschlungen.
Selten gibt es auch Statuen mit einem Kopf und zwei Armen oder vier Köpfen und acht Armen.
Der Gürtel wird von einem Löwenkopf gehalten (shikami).
Um die Hüften einen Lendenschurz aus Tigerfell (kohikun).
In den rechten Händen: Diamant-Glocke (kongootaku), Schatz-Pfeil (hoosen), Schwert.
In den linken Händen: Dreizackige Hellebarde, Schatz-Bogen (hookyuu), Seil.
Die mittleren Hände in der typischen Goosanze-Haltung.
Trampelt auf der hinduistischen Gottheit Shiva und seiner Frau (Daijizaiten und Umakoo), die auf einem flachen Felssockel liegen.
In der Abteilung "Jimyooin" des Mandalas der Mutterschoßwelt wird Goosanze im Zentrum mit drei Köpfen und acht Armen dargestellt.

. Buddhastatuen ... Who is Who .
Ein Wegweiser zur Ikonografie
von japanischen Buddhastatuen
Gabi Greve, 1994





Gōzanze 降三世明王 (Skt. Trilokavijaya)

The “one who subjugates the three worlds.” Three threatening faces; eight arms; the enemy of foolishness and anger. Carries "Arrow of Mercy" to shoot at people who stray from path toward enlightenment; stands on two other deities, Daijizaiten 大自在天 and Daijizaiten’s consort Uma 烏摩, who he converts into Buddhist protectors.

English Details are here:
- Mark Schumacher -




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. Festivals, Ceremonies, Rituals - SAIJIKI .

. Amulets and Talismans from Japan .　

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Echigoya and Mitsui

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Echigoya 越後屋 and Mitsui　三井

Echigoya,越後屋 a rich merchant residing in Edo, is a famous character in the well-loved Jidaigeki dramas of Edo.



He is usually a "bad merchant", 悪 waru, trying to make the most money he can.
And the bad Daimyo, trying to get some extra money, would snicker:
"O-Nushi mo waru yo noo, fufufufu".


quote
The main road leads from Nihonbashi into an area known as Suruga Machi (Suruga Cho). This neighborhood is home to one of the largest and most prosperous merchant groups in all of Japan -- the Mitsui Echigoya. This wholesale and distribution conglomerate runs a cluster of high-class stores in the center of Edo, and it has gained a reputation as perhaps the most prestigeous shopping district in Edo.

The Mitsui Echigoya was founded by Mitsui Takatoshi, a merchant from Ise province who got his start selling fine kimono in Edo only a few years after the Tokugawa Shoguns began building their new city. Mitsui was the grandson of a samurai who fought for Oda Nobunaga, and his mother was from a small but reasonably successful merchant family in Ise province. Ise is a good headquarters for wholesaling businesses, especially cloth and kimono merchants, since it is a source of both silk and cotton cloth. The city where the Mitsui family lived, Matsuzaka, is one of the key ports on the route between Sakai (Osaka) and Edo. In fact, one of the Mitsui Echigoya's main competitors is the Iseya, which is also based in Matsuzaka.

Using his connections in Ise and Kyoto, and the money he earned from selling kimono, Mitsui steadily built his family's tonya (wholesale business) into a nationwide conglomerate known as the "Echigoya". Although the business specialised in clothing, it traded many other goods as well. Many of the leading retail businesses in Japan got their start as tonya -- family owned wholesale businesses -- which were founded during the early Edo period, or a few decades earlier.


Echigoya, Ando Hiroshige 広重

Conditions in Japan during the late 1500s and early 1600s were ripe for the growth of nationwide trading companies. The country was just starting to settle down after decades of continuous war, and people in different regions of Japan were starting to trade the products made locally for merchandise produced in other parts of the country. For example, lacquer and wood from the far north of Japan could be traded for sugar and indigo from the far south. People from all over the country began to produce a surplus of products, rather than just making enough for their own needs. They could then take the extra goods they produced and trade them for goods made elsewhere in the country.

The only problem was that it was complicated and expensive to transport goods to far-away places. Even rich daimyo found it difficult to organize the large-scale trading networks needed to transport different types of merchandise to the main towns. They needed a rich middle-man who could hire horses and boats, collect products from one region and ship them to other parts of the country. Most daimyo and other local leaders were too busy to deal with all the activities requred to organise trading activities, so they tended to appoint lower-ranking samurai or relatively wealthy local merchants to handle the job for them.

The person appointed by the local daimyo would usually send sales agents to all of the local villages in the area, and buy up all of the extra goods that were being produced in their local region. They would collect a large stock of the goods, and then ship them to markets in Edo, Kyoto or Osaka. They also bought a variety of merchandise in the big cities and shipped them back to the local towns, where they sold the products in their shops. These businesses came to be known as tonya　問屋, which roughly translates as "sales agent" or "wholesaler".


Hokusai
A sketch of the Mitsui shop in Suruga street in Edo

At first, most tonya were only appointed to work in a particular region of the country, and specialized in only one or two products. For example, they might be called the "Kotsuke wood tonya" or the "Ise silk tonya". Naturally, the tonya that were set up in important regions, or ones that handled very valuable products, became very wealthy. After a generation or two, these bigger tonya started to expand their businesses and set up "buying centers" all over the country. The most successful, such as the Mitsui Echigoya and the Iseya, started to handle a wider variety of products. They also set up their own retail stores in Kyoto, Sakai and Edo. Today, many districts in central Edo are dominated by these large retail conglomerates.

As Edo grew bigger and bigger, so did the wholesalers. Today, the leading merchants often dominate an entire street, with many elaborate stores selling all kinds of products. The Mitsui Echigoya, for example, operates over a dozen main stores in the Suruga-machi area alone, as well as its major stores in Kyoto, Osaka and Matsuzaka. If you walk down the main street in Suruga-machi, almost every building has large noren (curtain-like draperies) bearing the well-known "Mitsui mark".



Inside the stores are huge halls filled with shoppers, with all sorts of clothing and other products on display. Most of the shoppers are very well dressed. You can tell that most of them are daimyo, high-level samurai, rich merchants, or their family members. The women are all wearing beautiful silk kimono. Their faces are covered with white makeup and lipstick, and their teeth are stained black. This is the typical makeup of high-class women. Fair skin is considered very beautiful, so women do their best to keep their skin looking white. They use powders and lotions, and on special occasions they paint their entire face with a white makeup, which contrasts sharply with their red lipstick.

The main sales room is decorated with colorful displays. There are fine tatami mats on the floor and brightly colored kimono hanging from the rafters. On the walls are large signs announcing the store policy:
"genkin kake-ne nashi" (one low price if you pay cash).

All around the room are large cabinets with large wooden drawers. Every now and then, a sales clerk will go to one of the cabinets, take out a garment and bring it over to the client. The client examines the kimono, and if they decide they don't like it, the clerk will go back and get another one. The youngest sales clerks -- only about ten or twelve years old -- bring tea and snacks for the shoppers to eat as they examine the clothes.

Check here for the photos :
source : edomatsu/suruga



Old Shopsign 看板 kanban



. Surugachoo　駿河町 Suruga Cho, Suruga Machi
Suruga Quarter, Suruga village, Suruga street .
This road ran straight in the South-Western direction and provided a view to Edo Castle and Mount Fujisan.
It is named after the view of Mount Fujisan that was similar to the one in Suruga no Kuni, Shizuoka.
Since Suruga was the birthplace of the founder of the Edo Government, Tokugawa Ieyasu, this street was of special honor to the Edoites.
.
Suidobashi Surugadai 水道橋駿河台 / Kanda Surugadai　神田駿河台

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Daruma kinchaku bag, sold at the store
Echigoya in Edomura, Nikko
日光江戸村の越後屋さんでダルマさんの巾着袋を買いました。
source :　ottaka.blog22

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- quote
Mitsui Group (三井グループ, Mitsui Gurūpu) is one of the largest corporate conglomerates (keiretsu) in Japan and one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world.
Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who was the fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka, in what is now today's Mie prefecture. From his shop, called Echigoya (越後屋), Mitsui Takatoshi's father originally sold miso and ran a pawn shop business. Later, the family would open a second shop in Edo (now called Tokyo).
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

shichiya 質屋 pawn shops were also often lending money, put mostly accepted kimono and other clothing items. In Edo during the 18th century there were more than 2.700 pawn shops and in Osaka during the 19th century, there were about 2.400 such shops.
Even in small mountain villages there were these important shops, which used to be open till late in the night.


二村に質屋一軒冬こだち
futa-mura ni shichiya ikken fuyu kodachi

for two villages
one pawn shop -
a grove in winter



飛騨山の質屋戸ざしぬ夜半の冬
hidayama no shichiya tozashinu yowa no fuyu

in the Hida mountains
the pawnshop is closed -
midnight in winter

. Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 in Hida (Gifu) .

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shichiya 質屋 pawn shop

There were many pawn shops in Edo, more than 2700. From an early time on they formed a guild and tried to keep a proper business, not getting into trouble with the Bugyo town authorities.

It was one of the eight important businesses in Edo:
happinshoo 八品商 eight recycle businesses

質屋、古着屋、古着買い、古道具屋，小道具屋，唐物商、古鉄屋，古鉄買い.
The government kept an eye on them, because sometimes the merchandise was stolen.



They all used some kind of common shop sign (kanban), symbolizing two people coming in and a lot of money is made.




. Recycling and Reuse in Edo - リサイクル と　再生　/ 再使用 .


町人に成って侍質屋を出
machibito ni natte samurai shichiya o de

the samurai
left the pawn shop and
became a normal townsperson

Samurai often had to pawn their swords and thus became equal to the normal merchants in the town.



first bonito of the season -
to pawn one's wife for this is
a worthwhile exchange

. katsuo 鰹 bonito .

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- Legends about the shichiya

Kanagawa
Once a poor man asked a fox to turn him into the owner of a sake shop. Then he went to a pawn shop to get some money for the sake. But the pawn shop owner found out when the client licked some oil, saying it was sake. "That must be a fox!" But it was too late, the deal was done and he was quite ashamed of his stupidity.
So the poor man/fox did not have to pay any money back,

Saitama
Once the priest of a temple was in need of money and brought its temple bell 釣り鐘 to the pawn shop. At the town where it was re-sold there was a fire and nobody new why. A fortune-teller found the reason: The temple bell wanted to go back to its temple and hat caused fire to bring attention to itself.

Shizuoka
Once the priest of a temple has lost a lot of money in a dubious deal on a trip and had to bring a Jizo statue from the roadside to the pawn shop to get some money. This Jizo appeared in the dream of a shipping merchant and asked him to buy the statue. When he did so the speed of his trade ships became much faster !

- source : yokai database -


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H A I K U - S E N R Y U

江戸中を越後屋にして虹がふき
Edo-juu o echigo-ya ni shite niji ga fuki

Echigo-ya spread
all over Edo and then
a rainbow above

source : www.deepkyoto.com
“Haifu-Yanagidaru”(『誹風柳多留』; 1765-1840)

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越後屋に衣さく音や衣更
Echigoya ni kinu saku oto ya koromogae

at the Echigoya shop
the sound of cutting cloth -
changing the robes

. Enomoto Kikaku Takarai 宝井其角 .





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Mitsui Shuufuu 三井秋風 Shufu "Autumn Wind"
(Shufu - 1646 - 1717)
三井六右衛門時治
Shufu was a haikai disciple of Kitamura Kigin and one member of the famous Echigoya family.
He entertained a lot of bunjin literati of his time, a sort of SALON in the Kansai region.
But because of his debauchery he eventually lost his riches and died a poor man with relatives in Edo.

Matsuo Basho at the mountain retreat 花林園 of Shufu in Narutaki 鳴瀧の山家
in 1685 貞享２年


梅白し昨日や鶴を盗まれし
ume shiroshi kinoo ya tsuru o nusumareshi

the plums so white
yesterday - did someone steal
the cranes ?
Tr. Gabi Greve

The cut marker YA is in the middle of line 2.
In the beautiful park of Shufu there should also be some cranes with the plum trees, but there are none.
This refers to the Chinese T'ang poet Rin Nasei 林和靖 (Lin Bu 林逋 Rinpo, 967 - 1028) who is said to have lived with a plum tree as wife and a crane as child.

. WKD - Lin Bu (林逋) and the Plum Blossoms .



樫の木の花にかまはぬ姿かな
kashi no ki no hana ni kamawanu sugata kana

the Kashi oak
seems not to care about
the cherry blossoms . . .
Tr. Gabi Greve

The cut marker KANA is at the end of line 3.
Written in 1685, when Basho visited Mitsui Shuufuu 三井秋風 Shufu at Narumi.
A rich kimono merchant and haikai poet from Kyoto.

Basho compares the Kashi oak to his independent-minded host (or rather, vice-versa).
Basho often uses the nature around him to imply a human condition also just now around him.


. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .
Nozarashi Kiko


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Iwakura Daiun-Ji

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Iwakura waterfall and
temple Daiun-Ji 岩倉大雲寺



source :　iinaa.net
京都市左京区岩倉上倉町３０５　 　　　　　　　

The temple has been founded in 971 by emperor Enyuu Tenno 円融天皇 (959 - 991) for his personal prayers.

The Great Waterfall at Iwakura temple Daiun-Ji 大雲時 was seen as a cure for mental diseases and many visited in hope of a cure. It is also famous for the Statue of Kannon with 11 Faces, made by Gyoki Bosatsu.

The temple has been mentioned in many old stories, for example in an episode in the Genji Monogatari about Wakamurasaki 若紫, chapter 54. There it is called Kitayama no nanigashi tera 北山のなにがし寺.


In the haiku by Buson below, the Mad Woman refers to the daughter
皇女佳子, Princess Kako (Yoshiko 佳子/（よしこ）/（Kashiko　かしこ）内親王 - 1057 - 1130) , of emperor Gosanjo Tenno 後三条天皇 (1034 - 1073), who became mentally disabled at age 29 (but it is not clear wheather of love-sickness) and lived is secluse at the temple. Since she was a servant to the Shinto deities (miko) she was not allowed to love a man. She stood under the Iwakura waterfall 岩倉の滝 and drank the sacred water of the famous well 閼伽井の水 (Akai no mizu) in hope to get well and later recovered.
source :　michio_nozawa




Akai no Mizu 閼伽井（観音水） Kannon Water

It has been confirmed in its healing properties by the venerable priest Chiben Soojoo 智弁僧正（918～991） who used it for rituals of the esoteric Buddhism.
In a dream the saint Monkei Shonin 文慶上人 （965～1046）was an aparition of the Dragon King Botsunanda Ryuo 跋難陀龍王 (ryuu-oo), who advised him:
"This is a special water, you may use it to heal people!"
The Dragon king then hit the ground with the sleeve of his robe and this water came forth.
The spring never dried up, even in the worst of droughts. People came from near and far to use it for curing diseases of the heart and mind (kokoro no yamai 心の病) and eye diseases to our day.


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Fudoo no taki 不動の滝　Waterfall of Fudo Myo-O
Myooken no taki 妙見の滝Waterfall of Myoken Bosatsu


source :　iinaa.net
In December 2007, without any water

This waterfall has been used by pilgrims to the temple 八雲寺 for rituals of ablution to heal diseases of the heart and mind (in modern language, we might say: mental illnesses of all kinds).
Many people have been cured by standing under the cold waterfall and meditating in the "Dragon hall 龍屋".

In the year 701, this waterfall has been established officially 大宝律令 to heal mentally instable people 精神障害者.

The oldest book of Medicine in Japan from 984,
Ishin Hoo (Ishinboo) 医心法, also mentiones this waterfall.

In the 11th century, this place had been widely accepted for its healing effects. Local people started building lodges nearby and it has flourished ever since.

The hospice where princess Kako had stayed so many years in the past became the "Iwakura Hospital いわくら病院" in 1992, starting with 33 beds for the sick. Now there are more than 1000 beds for the ageing population with Alzheimer and other mental diseases.


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天台証門宗　岩倉観音　大雲寺
Iwakura Kannon Statue



Homepage of the temple
source : www.daiunji.org


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Memorial stone for Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉句碑



The stone inscription is hard to read

○○佐らは雪見爾こ路不○まて　　


いざさらば雪見にころぶ処まで　　　
... iza saraba yukimi ni korobu tokoro made

let us say good bye
until we fall and slip
while watching the snow
Tr. Gabi Greve

Basho wrote this at the end of a visit to one of his pupils named Isa 伊佐.
The first line iza saraba, is a pun with this name.

The stone was erected in the Year Tenmei 4, 1785.
天明四年十月十二日


let's go out
to enjoy the snow... until
I slip and fall!
Tr. haikukantas

quote
..... According to what Mr. Ozawa says, there once existed a secondhand bookstore called “Shorin-Fugetsudo” near the present Chunichi Hospital in Nagoya city. When Basho paid a visit to the owner of the shop, Magosuke Hasegawa (haiku poet name: Sekido), it started snowing. The smell of antique books mingled with that of snow stimulated the spirits of haiku poet. He made a haiku on the spot.

“Iza idemu yukimini korobu tokoro made”
“Let’s go out now until tumble over the snow”

How about comparison? It’s only a minor change from “idemu” to “yukamu” but the change gives the poem a little brighter touch. I gave it a thought and came to know that the tone senses of the two words, “yukamu” and “yukimi” are resonating in harmony with the common sound of “yu”. And I had my impression that the contrast of “iku” (go) and “korobu” (tumble) made the poem a little more dynamic.
source : www.ku-ma.or.jp


Auf also zum Schneeschau,
bis wir umfallen!
source : lotgoe.blogspot.jp


. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Oi no Kobumi .


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quote
小林靖彦回顧展 Kobayashi Yasuhiko
3.9 Iwakura and Daiunji (Kyoto Prefecture)

Legend has it that Emperor Gosanjō (r. 1068-1072) succeeded in healing the mental illness of his daughter by confining her in Daiunji (Daiun-ji Temple) in Iwakura, Kyoto, drinking holy water; it is said that this is why it was popular for curing mental illnesses.

After the Meiji period medical doctors paid attention to the system whereby mental patients were accommodated in several small Japanese-style inns (later called hoyōjo 保養所) in Iwakura. These hoyōjo were highly evaluated in that they were similar to the psychiatric foster-family care practiced in Western Europe. Furthermore, Iwakura had the reputation of “a colony of mental patients” ranked on a par with Geel in Belgium. However, most hoyōjo were closed by the end of the Second World War. The tradition in Iwakura effectively disappeared.

Kobayashi was interested in Iwakura from early in his academic career. He visited in 1946, 1962, and 1972. As for his visit in 1962 Kobayashi wrote, “In the grounds (of Daiunji) a mental hospital is standing now. … It is a modern hospital, which does not have the atmosphere of the former in Iwakura that I knew. I remember the former visit to Iwakura just after my demobilization.… Standing before this modern hospital, I feel we left something unforgettable behind” (Nihon seishin igaku shōshi [A Short History of Psychiatry in Japan], 1963).


大雲寺境内の不動滝
The waterfalls in the grounds of Daiuniji.
Kobayashi, 1972.
source : kenkyukaiblog.jugem.jp

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Iwakura Mental Hospital


quote
Iwakura is 8km north-east of Kyoto Imperial Palace and is famous for a legend:
the third princess of Emperor Go-Sanjo (1068-1072), who developed a mental disease at age 18, was cured when she prayed to the eleven-faced Goddess of Mercy at Daiunji Temple, Iwakura.

Beginning about 1750, many mental patients wanted to share her good luck so began to stay in farmers' houses in Iwakura in order to pray at Daiunji Temple. Four farmers' houses specialized in hosting mental patients at the beginning of the 19th century and continued receiving them even after Iwakura Mental Hospital was established in 1884.

Iwakura's fame increased when Dr. Shuzo Kure wrote that Iwakura in 1895 had a similar family care system for mental patients to that of Geel, Belgium. Around 1930, Dr. Eikichi Tsuchiya, the director of Iwakura Mental Hospital, began to promote 'Iwakura' as 'a Geel in Japan.' 300 mental patients stayed in specialized sanatoria-farmers' houses and non-specialized farmers' houses in 1935 in addition to the 500 mental patients in Iwakura Mental Hospital.

However, Iwakura Mental Hospital was forced to close in 1945 by the Japanese army. Many sanatoria were closed as well because of a shortage of food. Since the number of beds in mental hospitals per 10,000 people in Japan was very few compared to that in Europe and the USA, the Japanese government helped people who wanted to establish mental hospitals. In Iwakura, the new Iwakura Mental Hospital was established in 1952 and the Kitayama Mental Hospital was established in 1954. Both increased their beds yearly.
source : naid


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H A I K U

岩倉の狂女恋せよほととぎす 　
Iwakura no kyoojo koi seyo hototogisu




A little cuckoo across a hydrangea - Yosa Buson
与謝蕪村



cause the madwoman at Iwakura
to fall more deeply in love
o hototogisu

With an explanation about the hototogisu and the hydrangea:
source :　Cheryl A. Crowley



Mad woman of Iwakura
Make love!
Hototogisu.
source :　loren



In Iwakura
Fall in Love Mad Women
Little Cuckoo.

Encyclopedia of Disability
Stories from the Ebisu Mandara (ca. 1600–1950s)
The texts are by a well known writer, himself disabled.
source : sage-ereference.com



mad woman at Iwakura
please fall in love !
Hototogisu
Tr. Gabi Greve

I am tempted to paraphrase

mad princess at Iwakura
please fall in love !
Hototogisu

I prefere to use the Japanese name of the bird, since the word
cockoo in a poem about a mad, mentally ill woman seem to give way to speculation in English, which are not inherent in the Japanese.

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Chris Drake wrote:

all right, nightingale,
love a madwoman
in Iwakura!

The hokku is fairly conversational, so it might even deserve "Hey, nightingale...." Buson's painting with this hokku in it shows a hototogisu/nightingale (hototogisu aren't normally associated with madness, the way cuckoos are, but with intensity and mystery and otherworldliness) flying over wet-looking blue-purple hydrangeas, which catch the wet feeling of the hototogisu's voice. Originally the hokku was prefaced by a short quote from Kenkou's 'Tsurezure-gusa' or rambling essays (no. 107) indicating that the point of view is that of a commonsensical, ordinary kind of man.

Probably Buson means it ironically. Sort of like, nightingale, your uncanny, wild song is so filled with crazy love that it's simply beyond me. You'd better fall in love with a madwoman who can understand your (incredibly beautiful and transcendent) sudden bursts of song between your long silences that make me long for you so. I'd guess the madwoman would be both a real woman staying in an inn near the temple with the waterfalls reputed to cure madness as well as a part of Buson himself that's at the root of his personality beyond his everyday identity that he could access through his writing and art. Buson is often a bit Jungian. I think there may be a hint that he's having a half-humorous yet spiritual lover's quarrel both with the bird and with himself.

It seems doubtful Buson was writing about any specific madwoman, and in his time many of the women who were deemed "mad" were probably classified that way because they loved too much, not too little. See the last chapter of Saikaku's "Life of a Sensuous Woman," which Buson might possibly have in mind. Many contemporary bloggers read the madwoman as the subject of the hokku, but that's unlikely. Commentators traditionally read the hokku as addressed to the hototogisu, and that's what the language implies. There is no 'kyoujo o,' but 'o' would make the middle line or unit have 8 syllables, and it's not strictly necessary anyway. Also, if no kireji is used, then the first part of the hokku tends to be the object of the verb, which comes later; and the "please love..." is clearly directed at the nightingale, the bird addressed strongly by Buson or his persona/voice here. There are also no particles indicating that Buson is addressing a/the madwoman. Of course, if a translator feels Buson is unconsciously making a direct address to a/the madwoman, then that interpretation is also fine.

Though Buson no doubt visited Daiunji Temple, this hokku was written on 4/4 at a gathering of poets, not at Iwakura. And Buson's painting is of a scene a month or so later, during the rainy season, when the rain and somewhat psychic hydrangeas create a border otherworldly landscape. So I'd guess Buson may be writing a poem more on a spiritual or visionary level (rather than recording an immediate observation / experience) about how male poets need to learn from madwomen in order to really understand the haunting cries of the hototogisu -- and about love, too. The most heartbroken being in the hokku, I'd think, is probably Buson, since the bird refuses to sing "down" to his low level of understanding and obviously needs to find a sensitive and "wise" madwoman to communicate with.


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. Hototogisu and Haiku .

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source :　cfmjs676


quote
後三条天皇 Emperor Gosanjo Tenno
Emperor Go-Sanjō (後三条天皇, Go-Sanjō-tennō)
(September 3, 1034 – June 15, 1073)
was the 71st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Go-Sanjō's reign spanned the years from 1068 through 1073.

This 11th century sovereign was named after Emperor Sanjō and go- (後), translates literally as "later;" and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Sanjō". The Japanese word "go" has also been translated to mean the "second one;" and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Sanjō, the second," or as "Sanjo II."

Go-Sanjō had three Empresses and seven Imperial sons and daughters.

1050-1131 Imperial Princess Toshiko (聡子内親王)
1053-1129 Imperial Prince Sadahito (貞仁親王) (Emperor Shirakawa)
1056-1132 Imperial Princess Toshiko (俊子内親王) - Higuchi? saigū (樋口斎宮) (Saigū = Imperial Princess serving at the Grand Shrine of Ise)
1057-1130 Imperial Princess Kako (佳子内親王)
- Tomi-no-kōji Saiin 富小路斎院
1060-1114 Imperial Princess Tokushi (篤子内親王) - Empress (chūgū of Emperor Horikawa)
1071-1185 Imperial Prince Sanehito (実仁親王) - Shirakawa's would-be heir
1073-1119 Imperial Prince Sukehito (輔仁親王)
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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. Iwakura matsuri 岩倉祭 (いわくらまつり)
"festival of the rock cave" .
at Iwakura Town, Kyoto. Shrine Iwakura Jinja 石座神社
京都市左京区岩倉上蔵町302　

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. Festivals, Ceremonies, Rituals - SAIJIKI .

. Amulets and Talismans from Japan .　

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Tamaki Jinja Kunitokotachi

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Tamaki Jinja 玉置神社
Totsukawa Village Yoshino County, Nara Prefecture




quote
Located near the mountaintop of Mt. Tamaki that is at the southern end of the Omine Mountains, this shrine is also called Tamaki Sansho Gongen and is the protective shrine of the Totsukawa area.
It is most probably the oldest shrine of Japan.
It is said that Mt. Tamaki is a sacred place for gems, stones and mountains, and they came to the origin of the worship. Accommodation facilities were built since the Kamakura era and it became a sacred place for Shugendo.
In the compound, there stand the main hall, child shrines, shrine office, kagura ritual dance hall, ema hall and shoro bell hall and 3,000 years old cedar trees.
source : www.sekaiisan-wakayama.jp


quote
Tamaki shrine
is located near the top of Mt.Tamaki (Tamakisan) at an elevation of 1,076 meters. It was founded in the era of the Tenth Suijin Emperor, and has been regarded as the inner sanctuary of the Three Kumano Shrines. The main hall is built with zelkova, a type of finely grained wood, in the gable and hip roof style, and enshrines the five gods of
Kuni-no-tokotachi-no-mikoto,
Izanagi-no-mikoto, Izanami-no-mikoto,
Ama-terasu-o-mikami, and
Kamuyamato-iware-hiko-no-mikoto.
With in the precincts are huge aged cedars (Jindai-sugi, Tokotachi-sugi, Iware-sugi, O-sugi and other cedars) designed as natural monuments.



Shuki Taisai - Autumn Festival 秋季大祭
is an annual grand festival held on October 24 at Tamaki Shrine. Male worshippers clad in maiden-style dress and holding white bows and arrows play sacred music and dance in a rare ritual called Yumi-kagura.

Close to the summit of Tamaki mountain you can find Tamaki shrine; a quiet shrine with a magnificent air flowing freely around it. Made completely of wood, everything from the front office to the shrine kitchen is becoming a valuable cultural asset.


Also inside the shrine is a special screen painting made by one of the disciples of the Kano style of screen painting. It was gracefully painted on a sliding door made of cedar.
source : www.totsukawa-h.ed.jp


- Reference -

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Deity in residence
Kuni no Tokotachi no mikoto 国常立尊主神



quote
Kunitokotachi
Other names:
Kuni no tokotachi no kami(Kojiki), Kuni no tokotachi no mikoto(Nihongi)

One of the first kami to appear in the mythical accounts of the unfolding of heaven and earth.
Believed to represent the "foundation of the land," the name originally indicated an abstract being without concrete form or attributes. In Kojiki, Kunitokotachi appears at the beginning of the "seven generations of kami" which emerge following Amenominakanushi and the four other "separate heavenly kami" (kotoamatsukami).

On the other hand, Nihongi's main text and three "alternative writings" suggest that Kunitokotachi was the first kami to appear out of the chaos following the separation of heaven and earth. It is generally believed that Kunitokotachi represents a primitive deity originating from a tradition independent from that of Amenominakanushi.
source : Kadoya Atsushi, 2005, Kokugakuin



source :　mujaki

龍神「国常立尊」
『日月神示』でも
「日本列島が国常立尊の肉体」だと示されている通り、日本列島は龍体をしている。

"The Japanese Islands
are the flesh of the Dragon Kunitokotachi.!


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神武天皇御東征のときこの地で兵を休め
十種神宝（とくさのかんだから ）」の「玉」を鎮め（置き）武運を祈願されたことから
玉置（たまき）の名前の由来となっておる。

The Ten Treasures 十種神宝 tokusa no kandakara

When Jinmu Tenno passed here on his way to the North-East he offered (put (OKI 置) the four heavenly jewel treasures (tama 玉 ) at this place, hence the name, lit.
"Shrine where the Jewels are layed down".
Tamaki Jinja 玉置神社 "Tama oki jinja" - Tamaki Jinja

. Jimmu (Jinmu Tenno 神武天皇) in Kumano .
and the legend of the three-legged crow 八咫烏 yatagarasu 八咫烏.


Tokusa-no-Kandakara - The 10 treasures and
. Isonokami Shrine (石上神宮, Isonokami-jinguu .

the four TAMA jewels of the ten treasures:

Iku-tama 生玉 Jewel of Life
Taru-tama 足玉 Jewel of Plenty
Makaru kaheshi-no-tama 死反玉 Jewel of Resuscitation
Chikaheshi-no-tama 道反玉
Jewel of Turning Back on the Road


十種神宝 Tokusanokamudakara


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source :　totsukawa.info
Jindaisugi, the sacred pine of the time of the gods




Jindaisugi 神代 杉　
"Pine of the Gods" sacred sake　御神酒




Kosazuke 子授け amulets for pregnancy



homepage of the shrine
source : www.tamakijinja.or.jp

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quote
Yoshino-Kumano National Park in the Kii Mountain Range.
Famed for centuries for its mountains and temples and shrines (also the home of the legendary Tengu Goblin, the slayer of vanity), this region of Japan is very mountainous, with steep ridges, complicated peaks, and vast gorges. One of the most prominent religious sanctuaries since the Heian Period. The Yoshino region southeast of Osaka is the northern entrance of the Nyūbu 入峰 (mountain pilgrimage).
The Ōmine mountain range between Kumano and Yoshino includes places of seclusion and ascetic practices such as Ozasa, the Shō rock carvern, the Zenki valley, and Mt. Tamaki.
The pilgrimage path leads from Yoshino through Ōmine to Kumano.
source : - Mark Schumacher -


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. Amulets and Talismans from Japan .　

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